Who is often referred to as the father of modern physics and astronomy for his laws of motion and universal gravitation, published in "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" in 1687?

Which Polish astronomer and mathematician is known for his heliocentric model of the solar system, challenging the geocentric view and paving the way for modern astronomy?

Who is the Italian astronomer and physicist known for his telescopic observations, which provided evidence supporting the heliocentric model and challenging traditional beliefs about the cosmos?

Which German mathematician and astronomer formulated the laws of planetary motion, now known as Kepler's laws, describing the orbits of planets around the Sun?

Which English philosopher and statesman, considered one of the founders of modern philosophy, introduced the scientific method and emphasized empiricism in his "Novum Organum" (1620)?